A common question is whether independent contractor research costs count for the federal R&D tax credit under Section 41. The short answer is that independent contractor research costs may count as QREs at 65% when the contractor performs qualified research on behalf of the taxpayer, the taxpayer bears economic risk, and retains substantial rights. This page explains the framework in general terms. It is educational and is not individualized advice. For the foundational framework, see our page on qualified research expenses.
Key Considerations
The analysis depends on the specific facts and circumstances. Under the four-part test, qualified research must be for a permitted purpose, be technological in nature, be intended to eliminate uncertainty, and be conducted through a process of experimentation.
Common scenarios that may warrant review include:
- New development — evaluating alternative approaches to resolve uncertainty about whether a new approach can achieve the required performance.
- New arrangement — testing alternative approaches to resolve uncertainty about whether a new arrangement can achieve the required outcome.
- New application — evaluating alternative approaches to resolve uncertainty about whether an existing approach can perform in a new context.
- New requirement — testing alternative approaches to resolve uncertainty about whether a new requirement can be met.
The 65% Factor
Under Section 41(b)(3)(A), contract research expenses are generally 65% of amounts paid for qualified research. This reduced inclusion reflects that the taxpayer is not performing the research itself. The analysis also requires that the research be performed on behalf of the taxpayer, that the taxpayer bears the economic risk, and that the taxpayer retains substantial rights.
Hypothetical Example
Consider a company that is evaluating a new approach and is uncertain whether any available method can achieve the required outcome. The company evaluates alternative approaches, tests each, and systematically varies the approach to resolve the uncertainty. This may warrant review as qualified research.
By contrast, if the same company performs routine work using established methods, that is routine work, not research.
This example is illustrative only and does not state that the activity definitely qualifies.
Documentation That May Help
Records that can help support this work include records identifying the uncertainty and alternative approaches, test results, and records of how results informed decisions. For more, see our page on R&D tax credit documentation.
Key Takeaway
Independent contractor research costs may count as QREs at 65% when the contractor performs qualified research on behalf of the taxpayer, the taxpayer bears economic risk, and retains substantial rights. Because the analysis is fact-specific, professional review is appropriate before claiming the credit.